IOT Security: Pentesting on IP Cameras

Summary

This is a documentation on pentesting performed on TP-link Kasa Cam Smart Home Camera KC120, Ezviz CS-C1C and Abus PPIC32020.

Requirements

Operating System

• Kali Linux 2022.2

Hardware

• TP-link Kasa Cam Smart Home Camera KC120
  • Encryption: 128-Bit-AES, WPA/WPA2-PSK
  • Storage: Amazon Web Services (AWS) Cloud
• Ezviz CS-C1C
  • Encryption: 64/128-bit WEP, WPA/WPA2, WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
  • Storage: EZVIZ cloud and/or MicroSD
• Abus PPIC32020
  • Encryption: AES 128bit, WPA/WPA2-PSK
  • Storage: MicroSD

Apps

• Kasa Smartphone application (IOS or Android)
• Ezviz Smartphone application (IOS or Android)
• ABUS App2Cam Plus Smartphone application (IOS or Android)

Description

A penetration test can be divided into several stages:

• Pre-Engagement Interactions

Working with a client to absolutely outline and report evaluation objectives, scope, and policies of engagement. There are three ways to run the test. In our case, the tester is doing a black-box test, which means the tester doesn't know anything about the system to be tested, i.e. he/she has to act as a hacker. The pentester needs to create a contract with the client on when, how, and what to test. In addition, there should be a privilege explanation and a non-disclosure agreement between the pentester and the client.

• Gathering Information

Collecting and examing key data approximately the software and its infrastructure. We recommend creating an architectural sketch (deployment diagram). It should include at least the subnets, firewalls, gateways, services/servers, and, above all, the system's communication relationships.

• Threat Modeling

Threat modeling is an established technique of figuring out and prioritizing ability threats to a system and figuring out the value that ability mitigations might have in decreasing or neutralizing one's threats.

• Vulnerability Analysis

Find current vulnerabilities and identify any potential security weaknesses that could allow an outside attacker to gain access to the environment.

• Exploitation

The pentester tries to establish a connection with the target and exploit the vulnerabilities found in the previous phase. Exploitation can be software, shellcode, certain command, code injection, remote exploit without any prior access, and local exploit with prior access to the system.

• Post Exploitation

After successful exploitation, it's far crucial to report all steps and tools - so that you can demonstrate the impact and possible consequences of the vulnerabilities to the client.

• Reporting

Providing a complete report with deep evaluation and suggestions on the way to mitigate the found vulnerabilities. It consists of two parts: An executive summary and a technical report. The executive summary provides a background overview, test overview, risk profile, general findings, an overview of the tasks required to mitigate the problem, and short-term and long-term goals to improve security increase. It is important to document how easy it was to find this vulnerability and what the countermeasures are. The risk analysis is the most important part because the pentester needs to consider how high the risk of the detected vulnerabilities is and how these vulnerabilities could affect the company. These results are used to make company decisions that can have a significant impact on the company. The technical report details the intelligence collection and vulnerability testing results, and the client's internet footprint.

• Resolution & Re-Testing

The client follows the recommendations and after completing patching the vulnerabilities a re-test is run.

Set-up

You need to set up the camera together with your phone app and allow it to connect with the identical WiFi that your smartphone uses. To find out the IP Address of the camera you need to install scanning tools, that can gain access to devices in your subnet. We recommend that you create a virtual machine and after that, you need to install Kali Linux on your VM. With this operating system, many tools are already pre-installed and ready to use.

Scanning Tools

Nmap
Nmap Scans will give you important information about the target system.

Target specification:

$sudo nmap <target IP>            Scan a single IP

OS	Kernel	Test
	Arch Linux	Test } DNS query on a specific host: $sudo namp -sL <target IP> Force reverse DNS resolution: $sudo nmap -R <target IP> Perform an aggressive scan and service version detection: $sudo nmap -sV -A <target IP> Scan TCP/UDP ports: $sudo nmap <target IP> -sT TCP connect port scan (Default without root privilege) $sudo nmap <target IP> -sU UDP port scan Host discovery and port scan: $sudo nmap <target IP> -sn Disable port scanning. Host discovery only $sudo nmap <target IP> -Pn Disable host discovery. Port scan only (If the host is down) Port pecification: $sudo nmap -p <port> <target IP> Scan Specific Ports $sudo nmap <target IP> -p- Scan all ports OS Detection: $sudo nmap <target IP> -O Remote OS detection using TCP/IP FIN-scan: $sudo nmap <target IP> -sF Scanner sends FIN segments Stealth scans: $sudo nmap <target IP> Xmas-Tree-Scan -sX Scanner sends segments where FIN, URG, PSH and flags are set Firewall Evasion Technique: $sudo nmap -f <target IP> augment packets Use a set of scripts from the /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ directory: $sudo nmap -sV --script $SCRIPT <target IP> Spiderfoot Spiderfoot uses various modules to collect information and it can collect information about the target host through the scanning options available in the Spiderfoot Framework. $spiderfoot -l <target IP>:<target Port> Dmitry Dmitry Tool can be used to search subdomains of the target, find open ports of the target system, perform TCP scan, find operating system information, web server details, web host details, hosting service details, registered domain, name, address, the contact information of the person who registered it, find email addresses that are associated with the domain of the target. $dimitry -p -l <target IP> The Harvester With the Harvester, you can gather information like emails, subdomains, hosts, employee names, open ports, and banners from different public sources like search engines, PGP key servers, and SHODAN computer database. $theHarvester -d <target IP> -l 1000 -b google HackerEnv HackerEnv is an automated tool developed in the Bash language that quickly performs port scans, scans target IP addresses for vulnerabilities, and retrieves exploits to form the Searchsploit utility. $git clone https://github.com/abdulr7mann/hackerEnv.git $cd hackerEnv $chmod +x hackerEnv $bash hackerEnv -t <target IP> Legion Legion works with a GUI which can perform automatic recon and scanning with NMAP, whataweb, nikto, Vulners, Hydra, SMBenum, dirbuster, sslyzer, webslayer, and more (with almost 100 auto-scheduled scripts). It is already installed on Kali Linux 2022.2. Nessus Nessus is a special software, so-called vulnerability scanner, that inspects systems for security gaps and vulnerabilities. It can be used to identify local and remote vulnerabilities, to audit configuration and compliance, verify default credentials, and scan web applications. $sudo dpkg -i <Nessus deb file> $/bin/systemctl start nessusd.service go to https://kali:8834/ to configure the scanner Exploitation Tools Metasploit Test your camera for security gaps with the help of the framework provided by Metasploit. You can use the various exploits collected by the framework to perform various security and penetration tests on your distributed target system. The attack method (exploit) and the executed code (payload) are separated. Exploits need to be specially tuned for various security gaps in software and hardware. This code is used when the attack method is successful and can break into or compromise the system. msf6 > search <open port protocol> Search for exploits of open ports Searchsploit The SearchSploit utility is a local copy of the Exploit Database and it searches this database to find exploits for various software and services found during the penetration testing phase. You can also use this utility to inspect an exploit and make a copy that you can modify for use on a particular host. $searchsploit <open port protocol> Search for exploits of open ports Hydra and Patator Hydra and Patator are login crackers that support numerous attack protocols. These tools make it possible for researchers and security consultants to show how easy it would be to gain unauthorized access to a system remotely. They are used to brute-force usernames and passwords to different services such as ftp, ssh, telnet, MS-SQL, etc. You can access the wordlist in a directory by using the below command. $cd /usr/share/wordlists $hydra <Target_IP> ssh -l <username> -P <password_file> -s 22 -vV to brute-force SSH username and password $hydra -L <username_file> -P <password_file> ftp://<Target_IP> to brute-force FTP username and password $hydra -l <username> -p <password> telnet://<Target_IP> to brute-force Telnet username and password $patator rdp_login host=<target IP> user=FILE0 0=<username_file> password=FILE1 1=<password_file> -x ignore:code=131 Report Used Hardware TP-Link Kasa Smart Home Camera KC120 Ezviz CS-C1C Abus PPIC32020 References https://tools.kali.org/tools-listing